UK: Home Office £1000 fee for children to register as British citizens is unlawful

Court rules that Home Office failed to assess and consider the impact of this fee on children and their rights

Lawyers and campaigners again urge Government to bring practice of ‘blocking’ children’s citizenship rights to an immediate end

‘It is plainly unjust that any child should effectively be taxed out of their right to British citizenship by this huge fee’ - Steve Valdez-Symonds

The Court of Appeal has today upheld the ruling of the High Court that the £1,012 fee the Home Office charges children to register as a British citizen is unlawful.

This landmark case, brought by the Project for the Registration of Children as British Citizens (PRCBC) and O (a child), has revealed the dreadful impact of this fee on children.

In 2019, the High Court found a “mass of evidence” showing that the fee prevents many children from registering their British citizenship, leaving them feeling “alienated, excluded, isolated, “second-best”, insecure and not fully assimilated into the culture and social fabric of the UK.”

The Home Office did not challenge these findings and the Court of Appeal added that for children like O, “one of three children of a single parent on state benefits, it is difficult to see how the fee could be afforded at all.”

The current administrative processing cost of a child’s registration as a British citizen is only £372. The Home Office uses the remaining £640 profit to cross-subsidise the immigration system.

Today’s judgment again requires the Home Office to reconsider the fee and ensure that children’s best interests are taken fully into account in doing so.

The courts have made clear that where a child has a right to British citizenship it will generally be in the child’s best interests to be registered as British – something the Home Office continues to fail to recognise and act upon.

Responding to the judgment, O, who is now 13 years old, said:

“I was born in this country and have lived here all my life.

“I am no less British than any of my friends. It makes me upset to think they or other people might treat me as different if they knew I don’t have a British passport.

“I have a right to citizenship and have been since I was 10. I do not understand why I continue to be excluded by this huge fee.”

Steve Valdez-Symonds, Refugee and Migrant Rights Programme Director at Amnesty International UK, said:

“It is plainly unjust that any child should effectively be taxed out of their right to British citizenship by this huge fee.

“When making the law on British citizenship, Parliament made clear that citizenship was the right of all children who grow up in this country.

“That thousands of children – including many children born in this country – must formally register that right is being used and abused by the Home Office to raise funds; and this must end.”

“The Government’s priority ought to be to ensure every child with rights to British citizenship can have this confirmed – with all the security, opportunity and sense of belonging that comes with that.

“I continue to be deeply disturbed that thousands of children are blocked by this huge fee from registering their right to British citizenship, given to them by an Act of Parliament.

The Court of Appeal has today ruled on an appeal by the Home Office and a cross appeal by PRCBC and O.

The Home Office appeal was against the High Court’s ruling that the department had failed to discharge its duty to assess the best interests of children and give primary consideration to these interests in setting the fee.

The Home Office again sought to rely upon debates in Parliament as evidence that the Home Office had considered children’s best interests. It needed to attempt this because its witness statement before the High Court did not show it had considered children’s best interests.

The Court of Appeal received submissions from the Speaker of the House of Commons and the Clerk of the Parliaments that it was not permissible for the Home Office to rely on the debates in this way. The Court of Appeal accepted these submissions and rejected the Home Office appeal. [See Note 7 below]

PRCBC and O cross appealed on the basis that the fee – in addition to being unlawful because of the failure to consider children’s best interests – was unlawful because its effect was to deprive many children of their statutory right to British citizenship. The High Court had found this argument to be “powerful” but decided it was bound to reject it because of a previous decision of the Court of Appeal.

Today, the Court of Appeal decided it too is bound by that previous decision, but two of the judges indicated that were it not for that previous decision they would see “considerable force” in the argument. PRCBC and O have sought permission to appeal to the Supreme Court.

Carol Bohmer, Chair of the Project for the Registration of Children as British Citizens (PRCBC) said:

“PRCBC is determined to ensure that all children with rights to British citizenship are able to exercise these rights.

“We are delighted the courts have yet again held this scandalously high fee, which prevents many children registering with the citizenship to which they are entitled, is unlawful.

“But children are still being excluded – by this fee and by many other barriers, which the Government should be doing all it can to remove; and we will continue in our mission to make that happen so no one is in future forced to grow up in the UK suffering the alienation and isolation that is currently the experience of so many young people.”

Maria Patsalos, Partner at Mishcon de Reya who acted for PRCBC said:

"This decision is another positive step in enabling children to access their rights as British citizens.

“It is a decision to celebrate, but we remain concerned that with each passing day of the Home Office waiting to rectify this, some children are losing the right to register as British upon turning 18.

“The Home Office should look now to amend its fees and act swiftly to ensure wealth is not a requirement for children to access their citizenship rights."

PRCBC was represented pro bono by Mishcon de Reya solicitors (Maria Patsalos, Lucy Humphreys and Adis Sehic) instructing pro bono Richard Drabble QC of Landmark Chambers, Miranda Butler of Garden Court Chambers and Isabelle Buchanan of Blackstone Chambers. O was represented by Solange Valdez-Symonds (Cardinal Hume Centre) instructing Richard Drabble QC and Admas Habteslasie of Landmark Chambers and Jason Pobjoy of Blackstone Chambers.

Amnesty International UK remains concerned at the ongoing deprivation of children’s rights to British citizenship and attended the hearing on 6 and 7 October 2020; and continues to support PRCBC in its work to secure the British citizenship rights of thousands of children and young people currently excluded by this fee and other barriers to their registration of citizenship. Together, PRCBC and Amnesty continue to call upon the Home Secretary to: